Arabisk kalligrafi




Arabisk kalligrafi er den kunstferdige utforminga av arabiske bokstavar etter ulike tradisjonar.
Det er ein viktig del av islamsk kunst, både direkte i kalligrafiske utgåver av Koranen og indirekte som dekorasjon grunna bildeforbodet i islam.
Kalligrafien utvikla seg tidleg i to ulike stilar, den kantete kufiskrifta og den kursive naskhskrifta.




Innhaldsliste






  • 1 Schriftarten


  • 2 Kjende kalligrafar


  • 3 Kjelder


  • 4 Bakgrunnsstoff





Schriftarten |



















































































Namn Skildring ! Døme

Kufi (Kūfī)
Kufiskrift blir i dag berre brukt til utsmykking. Den eldste kufi-innskrifta finn ein på Klippedomen i Jerusalem.

Basmala kufi.svg


Dei ses skriftstilane (al-ʾAqlām as-sitta)

Dei ses skriftstilane dannar ein kanon av seks kursive skriftformer definert på 900-talet av visiren Ibn Muqla i Bagdad. Han omfattar desse stilane:



Naskī (nasḫ)
Naskh-skrift (tyrkisk nesih) blir framleis brukt til trykt arabisk skrift.

Basmala.svg


Muhaqqaq (Muḥaqqaq)
Muḥaqqaq er ei bok- og monumentalskrift i storformat. Ho var omtykt av dei egyptiske mamelukkane og ilkhanane fram til 1500-talet.

Deneme.jpg


Rejhan (Raiḥān)
Kleinere, dünnere und feinere Variante der Muhaqqaq

Rayhani.jpg


Thuluth (Ṯuluṯ)
Thuluth (tyrkisk sülüs), ein kanselli- og monumentalskrift, var særleg populær i Det osmanske riket.

Izzet 09.png


Tauqi (Tauqīʿ)
Skrift i storformat som særleg blei brukt som kanselliskrift av abbasidane. Liknar thuluth.


Reqa (Riqāʿ)
Mindre variant av tauqi


Taliq (Taʿlīq)
Kanselliskrifta taliq blei utvikla frå tauqi og finst i ein persisk (sjå bilde) og ein osmansk versjon.

Persisk taliq


Nastaliq (Nastaʿlīq)
Bokskrifta nastaliq blei utvikla på 1300-talet og blei på 1400-talet den vanlegaste skrifttypen i Persia.

Nasta'liq script 2.jpg

Sjekaste (Šekaste)
Særleg brukt i Persia som kursiv bokskrift

Chayyam guyand kasan behescht ba hur chosch ast small.png


Maghribi (Maġribī)
Maghribi-Duktus, ei bokskrift, blei brukt på 900-talet i Nordvest-Afrika og al-Andalus.

Quran Andalusian 14th Cent.jpg


Diwani (Dīwānī)
Diwani-skrift er den osmanike kanselliskrifta.

Izzet 44.png

Diwani dsjali (Dīwānī ǧalī)
Seinare, dekorativ versjon av osmansk taliq

Izzet 51.png


Ruqʿa
Ruq'a er ei handskrift som oppstod på 1700-talet, hovudsakleg brukt i Mashriq (det nære Austen).

Izzet 27.png


Kvadratkufi
Ei form for kufiskrift. Illustrasjonen viser sure 112 al-Iḫlāṣ frå Koranen. Han byrjar nede til venstre med basmillah og fortset i ein spiral inn mot midten.

Bannai-skrift




Kjende kalligrafar |




  • Ibn Muqla, d. 940


  • Ibn al-Bawwab (Bawwāb), d. 1022


  • Yaqut al-Mustaʿsimi, d. 1298


  • Şeyh Hamdullah, 1436–1520


  • Ahmed Karahisari, 1468–1556


  • Şeyh Hamdullah, d. 1520


  • Mir Ali Heravi, d. 1544


  • Alireza Abbassi, 1500-1600-talet


  • Mir Emad Ghazvini, d. 1615


  • Seyyid Kasim Gubari, d. 1625


  • Hâfız Osman, 1642–1698


  • Mohammad Reza Emami, 1600-talet



Kjelder |



  • Denne artikkelen bygger på «Arabische Kalligrafie» frå ce, den 16. februar 2018.



Bakgrunnsstoff |


Litteratur



  • Annemarie Schimmel: Islamic Calligraphy, Leiden 1970

  • Ernst Kühnel: Islamische Schriftkunst, Berlin 1942

  • Martin Lings: The Qur'ānic Art of Calligraphy an Illumination, London 1976

  • Yasin Hamid Safadi: Islamic Calligraphy, London 1978

  • Ghazi al-Delaimi: Arabische Kalligraphie für Einsteiger. Alphabete, Anleitungen, Anwendungen. Knaur: München 2006, ISBN 3-426-64224-7, ISBN 978-3-426-64224-5

  • Deniz Erduman (Hrsg.): Geschriebene Welten. Arabische Kalligraphie und Literatur im Wandel der Zeit. (anlässlich der gleichnamigen Ausstellung im Museum für Angewandte Kunst, Frankfurt am Main, 7. Oktober 2004 bis 30. Januar 2005; =A written cosmos). DuMont: Köln 2004. ISBN 3-8321-7508-3, ISBN 3-8321-7507-5

  • Jürgen Wasim Frembgen (Hrsg.): Die Aura des Alif. Schriftkunst im Islam, zur Ausstellung Staatliches Museum für Völkerkunde München, 2010/2011, Prestel, München ISBN 978-3-7913-5065-3, (Inhaltsangabe (PDF)), bietet moderne Kalligraphien zeitgenössischer Künstler


  • Wolfgang Kosack: Islamische Schriftkunst des Kufischen. Geometrisches Kufi in 593 Schriftbeispielen. Deutsch – Kufi – Arabisch. Christoph Brunner, Basel 2014, ISBN 978-3-906206-10-3.


Nettstader



Commons-logo.svg Commons har multimedia som gjeld: Arabisk kalligrafi



  • Selections of Arabic, Persian, and Ottoman Calligraphy, Library of Congress



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