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There are at least five ways to multiply two natural numbers $a$ and $b$ given as integer points $A$ and $B$ on the number line by geometrical means. Two of them include counting, the others are purely geometric. I wonder (i) if there are other ways and (ii) how to deeply understand the interrelationship between the different methods (i.e. recipes).

Let $A,B$ be two integer points on the line $O1$:

Method 1

1. Count how often the unit length $|O1|$ fits into $|OA|$. Let this number be $a$ (here $a = 3$).

2. Draw a circle with radius $|OB|$ around $B$.




3. Let $C$ be the (other) intersection point of this circle with the line $O1$.

3. Draw a circle with radius $|OB|$ around $C$.




4. Do this $a-1$ times.




5. The last intersection point $C$ is the product $A times B$.

Method 2

1. Construct a rectangle with side lengths $|OA|$, $|OB|$.

2. Count how often the unit square (with side length $|O1|$) fits into the rectangle. Let this number be $c$ (here $c=6$).

3. Draw a circle with radius $|O1|$ around $0$.




4. Let $C$ be the intersection point of this circle with the line $O1$.

4. Draw a circle with radius $|O1|$ around $C$.




5. Do this $c$ times.




6. The last intersection point $C$ is the product $A times B$.

Method 3

1. Construct the line perpendicular to $O1$ through $O$.




2. Construct the points $1'$ and $B'$.

3. Draw the line $1'A$.




4. Construct the parallel to $1'A$ through $B'$.




5. The intersection point of this parallel with the line $O1$ is the product $A times B$.

Method 4

1. Construct the perpendicular line to $O1$ through $O$.




2. Construct the point $1'$.




3. Construct the circle through $1'$, $A$ and $B$.




4. The intersection point of this circle with the line $O1'$ is the product $A times B$.

Method 5

This method makes use of the parabola, i.e. goes beyond compass-ruler constructions.

1. Construct the unit parabola $(x,y)$ with $y = x^2$.




2. Construct $B'$.




3. Construct the line perpendicular to $O1$ through $A$.




4. Construct the line perpendicular to $O1$ through $B'$.




5. Draw the line through the intersection points of these two lines with the parabola.




6. The intersection point of this line with the line $O1'$ is the product $A times B$.

For me it's something like a miracle that these five methods – seemingly very different (as recipes) and not obviously equivalent – yield the very same result (i.e. point).

Note that the different methods take different amounts $sigma$ of Euclidean space (to completely show all intermediate points and (semi-)circles involved, assuming that $a >b$):

• Method 1: $sigma sim ab^2$




• Method 2: $sigma sim ab$




• Method 3: $sigma sim ab^2$




• Method 4: $sigma sim a^2b^2$




• Method 5: $sigma sim a^3b$

This is space complexity. Compare this to time complexity, i.e. the number $tau$ of essential construction steps that are needed:

• Method 1: $tau sim a$




• Method 2: $tau sim ab$




• Method 3: $tau sim 1$




• Method 4: $tau sim 1$




• Method 5: $tau sim 1$

From this point of view method 3 would be the most efficient.

Once again:

I'm looking for other geometrical methods to multiply two numbers
given as points on the number line $O1$ (is there one using the
hyperbola?) and trying to understand better the "deeper" reasons why
they all yield the same result (i.e. point).

Those answers I managed to visualize I will add here:

Method 6 (due to Cia Pan)

Method 7 (due to celtschk)

Method 8 (due to Accumulation)

1. Construct the point $A'$ on the given line such that $O$ is a midpoint of the line segment $AA'$.


2. Construct the perpendicular at $O$.


3. Construct the semicircle on the diameter $A'B$.


4. Find $H$ at the intersection of the semicircle and the perpendicular.
   $(OH)^2 = OA'cdot OB = OAcdot OB$.


5. Draw line $1H$ and construct a perpendicular to it through $H$.


6. Find point $K$ at the intersection of the last constructed line and the first given line. We have $(OH)^2 = 1cdot OK,$ hence $OK = OAcdot OB.$
   

The following is quite similar to your method 3, but only requires you to draw parallels, not circles (see remark below).

1. Draw an arbitrary line $g$ other than the number line through $O$. (The “number line” here is the line through $O$ and $1$).


2. Select on $g$ an arbitrary point $P$ other than the origin.


3. Draw a line through $1$ and $P$.


4. Draw a parallel to that line through $A$. Call the intersection with $g$ $Q$.


5. Draw a line through $P$ and $B$.


6. Draw a parallel to that line through $Q$. The intersection with the number line is then $Atimes B$.

Remark: In standard geometry (that is, construction with compass and ruler), you of course need to draw circles to construct the parallel. But one might instead consider using no compass, but a “parallels-ruler" (I have no idea what it is actually called; it's basically a ruler that has a built-in roll, allowing you to move the ruler without rotating, and thus to construct parallels).

With only a parallels-ruler you cannot construct circles (so it's strictly weaker than compass and ruler), but as the construction above shows, you can multiply.

If you construct two similar triangles $X_1Y_1Z_1$ and $X_2Y_2Z_2$ such that $X_1Y_1=1$, $Y_1Z_1 = A$, and $X_2Y_2 = B$, then $Y_2Z_2=A*B$.

Also, if you take any angle, mark $1$ and $A$ on one side, mark $B$ on another, draw a line from the $A$ point to the $B$ point, then construct a line parallel through that line through the $1$ point, it will intersect the other side a distance $frac B A$ from the vertex. And $A*B$ is of course equal to $A/(1/B)$.