Smeltepunkt




Smeltepunktet til eit stoff er den temperaturen der stoffet går over frå fast til flytande fase. Når me snakkar om den motsette prosessen kallar me den same temperaturen frysepunktet.


For dei fleste stoff er temperaturen for smelting og frysing den same. Til dømes er smelte- og frysepunktet til kvikksølv −38,83 °C. Agar smeltar derimot ved 85 °C og blir fast stoff ved 32-40 °C, ein prosess kalla hysterese. Andre stoff, som glas, kan bli hardare utan å utkrystallisere seg. Desse stoffa vert kalla amorfe lekamar


Til forskjell frå kokepunktet blir smeltepunktet til eit stoff relativt lite påverka av trykket i atmosfæren rundt det. Smeltepunktet kan likevel senkast markert ved hjelp av andre stoff som er oppløyst eller blanda i stoffet. Smeltepunktet til eit reint stoff er alltid høgare enn smeltepunktet til eit ureint stoff. Blandingsforholdet som fører til det lågaste smeltepunktet som er mogeleg for eit stoff vert kalla det eutektiske punktet. Smeltepunktet til vatn ved trykk på 1 atmosfære er 0 °C . Når vatn inneheld frysekjerner er frysepunktet det same som smeltepunktet, men utan kjernar kan vatn bli underkjølt til −42 °C før det frys.


For grunnstoff er det ein viss samanheng mellom smeltepunkt og plassering i periodesystemet. Transisjonsmetalla har høge smeltepunkt som stort sett aukar ned gjennom gruppene i periodesystemet. Alkalimetall og jordalkalimetall har relativt låge smeltepunkt. Trenda er at smeltepunkta for desse stoffa minkar ned gjennom gruppene. Det kjemiske grunnstoffet med høgast smeltepunkt er wolfram med 3695 K (3422 °C). Karbon smeltar ikkje i vanleg trykk, men sublimerer ved rundt 4000 K. Væskefasen eksisterer berre når trykket er over 10 MPa og ein estimert temperatur på 4300–4700 K. Tantalhafniumkarbid (Ta4HfC5) er eit eldfast materiale med eit svært høgt smeltepunkt på 4488 K (4215 °C). På den andre enden av skalaen finn vi helium som ikkje frys i det heile tatt under normalt trykk, sjølv om temperaturen er uendeleg nær det absolutte nullpunktet. Ein må ha trykk 20 gonger over normalt atmosfærisk trykk for at helium skal fryse.



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  • Fasediagram

  • Kokepunkt

  • Trippelpunkt




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