Motorola 6845 and bitwise graphics












6















I'm curious about how graphics were drawn on systems using the Motorola 6845. I understand this was used in the CGA? If so, did the 6845 really work bitwise, was the bitwise graphics entirely separate, or did they use changing character sets on the fly to represent different patterns?










share|improve this question



























    6















    I'm curious about how graphics were drawn on systems using the Motorola 6845. I understand this was used in the CGA? If so, did the 6845 really work bitwise, was the bitwise graphics entirely separate, or did they use changing character sets on the fly to represent different patterns?










    share|improve this question

























      6












      6








      6








      I'm curious about how graphics were drawn on systems using the Motorola 6845. I understand this was used in the CGA? If so, did the 6845 really work bitwise, was the bitwise graphics entirely separate, or did they use changing character sets on the fly to represent different patterns?










      share|improve this question














      I'm curious about how graphics were drawn on systems using the Motorola 6845. I understand this was used in the CGA? If so, did the 6845 really work bitwise, was the bitwise graphics entirely separate, or did they use changing character sets on the fly to represent different patterns?







      cga






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      share|improve this question











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      share|improve this question










      asked May 13 at 12:11









      Maury MarkowitzMaury Markowitz

      3,430629




      3,430629






















          2 Answers
          2






          active

          oldest

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          7














          Basically the 6845 was a bunch of counter registers, which you could program by defining end values (and sometimes start values), and use to generate RAM addresses and CRT sync signals. There was also a separate row address, so the original intention clearly was for character based displays: With a bit of additional components, you'd read some RAM content describing a character into a latch, and then you'd use this to index a ROM describing the pixel pattern for that character. Which you'd load into a shift register and shift out to the video DAC.



          But of course then people also thought of ways to use this to display bit graphics. E.g. with a "character height" of 1, and no ROM access, and piping to RAM contents directly out of the shift registers. Or other variants for color.



          And you could have configuration bits that control which variant of external components to use (with ROM lookup, without ROM lookup, with color table lookup).



          And so, and so on. Bit the differences was all in the additional components, so "the 6845 worked bitwise" etc. doesn't really make sense.



          The chip was quite successful, and used in many different ways, and the registers used ended up in the CGA, EGA, VGA etc. cards (with various extensions), and today's graphics card still have a legacy mode with this register layout. But the 6845 by itself still only is a bunch of counters.



          In the 6845 data sheet, there's an example for additional components to create a character-based display, and you can read up on the details of operation.






          share|improve this answer


























          • Most excellent. So was memory bandwidth a problem if you did things bitwise? Or did it include some sort of "stuffing" system?

            – Maury Markowitz
            May 13 at 13:54






          • 1





            The "stuffing" system was the shift register I mentioned - RAM wasn't fast enough at that time to read memory every pixel (say, for 80x25 characters with 8x9 pixels per character), so e.g. you'd read 8 pixels at once, and then shift them out. Same for bit graphics.

            – dirkt
            May 13 at 13:57













          • The 6845 was limited to 127 rows per screen, so a character height of 1 wouldn't work. Instead, 6845-based bitmap displays would use the 6845's row output to select among several partial bitmaps of 127 or fewer lines each, which would then be displayed interleaved.

            – supercat
            May 13 at 21:20











          • On some machines that use the 6845 - certainly the Amstrad CPC and the Acorn BBC Micro - it's possible to get past the 127 line limit by changing register values mid-frame. I'm not sure how feasible that would be on a PC with a CGA card though.

            – Matthew Barber
            May 14 at 6:36











          • @supercat: I vaguely remember that some bitmap graphic modes worked by setting character height to 1; not sure about the context (it may have been a modified 6845 design that has become part of an integrated graphics card, with the total line counter width increased). Anyhow, the alternative is to set it to a power of two, and use the row address pins to address the RAM.

            – dirkt
            May 14 at 6:40





















          5














          CGA and Hercules Graphics use the 6845. In graphics mode, each pixel is controlled individually, with no involvement from the character generator.



          Graphics mode is controlled by bit 1 of the 03D8h control register; when it’s set, the framebuffer is treated as containing bitmap information, and when it’s cleared, the framebuffer is processed by the character generator. The bitmap layout in CGA isn’t linear; even rows come first, followed by odd rows (offset by 8 KiB). Pixels are packed, four pixels per byte in low resolution, eight pixels per byte in high resolution. Hercules has a similar interleaved layout, with four banks instead of two.



          This page has lots of details on CGA.






          share|improve this answer
























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            2 Answers
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            2 Answers
            2






            active

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            active

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            active

            oldest

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            7














            Basically the 6845 was a bunch of counter registers, which you could program by defining end values (and sometimes start values), and use to generate RAM addresses and CRT sync signals. There was also a separate row address, so the original intention clearly was for character based displays: With a bit of additional components, you'd read some RAM content describing a character into a latch, and then you'd use this to index a ROM describing the pixel pattern for that character. Which you'd load into a shift register and shift out to the video DAC.



            But of course then people also thought of ways to use this to display bit graphics. E.g. with a "character height" of 1, and no ROM access, and piping to RAM contents directly out of the shift registers. Or other variants for color.



            And you could have configuration bits that control which variant of external components to use (with ROM lookup, without ROM lookup, with color table lookup).



            And so, and so on. Bit the differences was all in the additional components, so "the 6845 worked bitwise" etc. doesn't really make sense.



            The chip was quite successful, and used in many different ways, and the registers used ended up in the CGA, EGA, VGA etc. cards (with various extensions), and today's graphics card still have a legacy mode with this register layout. But the 6845 by itself still only is a bunch of counters.



            In the 6845 data sheet, there's an example for additional components to create a character-based display, and you can read up on the details of operation.






            share|improve this answer


























            • Most excellent. So was memory bandwidth a problem if you did things bitwise? Or did it include some sort of "stuffing" system?

              – Maury Markowitz
              May 13 at 13:54






            • 1





              The "stuffing" system was the shift register I mentioned - RAM wasn't fast enough at that time to read memory every pixel (say, for 80x25 characters with 8x9 pixels per character), so e.g. you'd read 8 pixels at once, and then shift them out. Same for bit graphics.

              – dirkt
              May 13 at 13:57













            • The 6845 was limited to 127 rows per screen, so a character height of 1 wouldn't work. Instead, 6845-based bitmap displays would use the 6845's row output to select among several partial bitmaps of 127 or fewer lines each, which would then be displayed interleaved.

              – supercat
              May 13 at 21:20











            • On some machines that use the 6845 - certainly the Amstrad CPC and the Acorn BBC Micro - it's possible to get past the 127 line limit by changing register values mid-frame. I'm not sure how feasible that would be on a PC with a CGA card though.

              – Matthew Barber
              May 14 at 6:36











            • @supercat: I vaguely remember that some bitmap graphic modes worked by setting character height to 1; not sure about the context (it may have been a modified 6845 design that has become part of an integrated graphics card, with the total line counter width increased). Anyhow, the alternative is to set it to a power of two, and use the row address pins to address the RAM.

              – dirkt
              May 14 at 6:40


















            7














            Basically the 6845 was a bunch of counter registers, which you could program by defining end values (and sometimes start values), and use to generate RAM addresses and CRT sync signals. There was also a separate row address, so the original intention clearly was for character based displays: With a bit of additional components, you'd read some RAM content describing a character into a latch, and then you'd use this to index a ROM describing the pixel pattern for that character. Which you'd load into a shift register and shift out to the video DAC.



            But of course then people also thought of ways to use this to display bit graphics. E.g. with a "character height" of 1, and no ROM access, and piping to RAM contents directly out of the shift registers. Or other variants for color.



            And you could have configuration bits that control which variant of external components to use (with ROM lookup, without ROM lookup, with color table lookup).



            And so, and so on. Bit the differences was all in the additional components, so "the 6845 worked bitwise" etc. doesn't really make sense.



            The chip was quite successful, and used in many different ways, and the registers used ended up in the CGA, EGA, VGA etc. cards (with various extensions), and today's graphics card still have a legacy mode with this register layout. But the 6845 by itself still only is a bunch of counters.



            In the 6845 data sheet, there's an example for additional components to create a character-based display, and you can read up on the details of operation.






            share|improve this answer


























            • Most excellent. So was memory bandwidth a problem if you did things bitwise? Or did it include some sort of "stuffing" system?

              – Maury Markowitz
              May 13 at 13:54






            • 1





              The "stuffing" system was the shift register I mentioned - RAM wasn't fast enough at that time to read memory every pixel (say, for 80x25 characters with 8x9 pixels per character), so e.g. you'd read 8 pixels at once, and then shift them out. Same for bit graphics.

              – dirkt
              May 13 at 13:57













            • The 6845 was limited to 127 rows per screen, so a character height of 1 wouldn't work. Instead, 6845-based bitmap displays would use the 6845's row output to select among several partial bitmaps of 127 or fewer lines each, which would then be displayed interleaved.

              – supercat
              May 13 at 21:20











            • On some machines that use the 6845 - certainly the Amstrad CPC and the Acorn BBC Micro - it's possible to get past the 127 line limit by changing register values mid-frame. I'm not sure how feasible that would be on a PC with a CGA card though.

              – Matthew Barber
              May 14 at 6:36











            • @supercat: I vaguely remember that some bitmap graphic modes worked by setting character height to 1; not sure about the context (it may have been a modified 6845 design that has become part of an integrated graphics card, with the total line counter width increased). Anyhow, the alternative is to set it to a power of two, and use the row address pins to address the RAM.

              – dirkt
              May 14 at 6:40
















            7












            7








            7







            Basically the 6845 was a bunch of counter registers, which you could program by defining end values (and sometimes start values), and use to generate RAM addresses and CRT sync signals. There was also a separate row address, so the original intention clearly was for character based displays: With a bit of additional components, you'd read some RAM content describing a character into a latch, and then you'd use this to index a ROM describing the pixel pattern for that character. Which you'd load into a shift register and shift out to the video DAC.



            But of course then people also thought of ways to use this to display bit graphics. E.g. with a "character height" of 1, and no ROM access, and piping to RAM contents directly out of the shift registers. Or other variants for color.



            And you could have configuration bits that control which variant of external components to use (with ROM lookup, without ROM lookup, with color table lookup).



            And so, and so on. Bit the differences was all in the additional components, so "the 6845 worked bitwise" etc. doesn't really make sense.



            The chip was quite successful, and used in many different ways, and the registers used ended up in the CGA, EGA, VGA etc. cards (with various extensions), and today's graphics card still have a legacy mode with this register layout. But the 6845 by itself still only is a bunch of counters.



            In the 6845 data sheet, there's an example for additional components to create a character-based display, and you can read up on the details of operation.






            share|improve this answer















            Basically the 6845 was a bunch of counter registers, which you could program by defining end values (and sometimes start values), and use to generate RAM addresses and CRT sync signals. There was also a separate row address, so the original intention clearly was for character based displays: With a bit of additional components, you'd read some RAM content describing a character into a latch, and then you'd use this to index a ROM describing the pixel pattern for that character. Which you'd load into a shift register and shift out to the video DAC.



            But of course then people also thought of ways to use this to display bit graphics. E.g. with a "character height" of 1, and no ROM access, and piping to RAM contents directly out of the shift registers. Or other variants for color.



            And you could have configuration bits that control which variant of external components to use (with ROM lookup, without ROM lookup, with color table lookup).



            And so, and so on. Bit the differences was all in the additional components, so "the 6845 worked bitwise" etc. doesn't really make sense.



            The chip was quite successful, and used in many different ways, and the registers used ended up in the CGA, EGA, VGA etc. cards (with various extensions), and today's graphics card still have a legacy mode with this register layout. But the 6845 by itself still only is a bunch of counters.



            In the 6845 data sheet, there's an example for additional components to create a character-based display, and you can read up on the details of operation.







            share|improve this answer














            share|improve this answer



            share|improve this answer








            edited May 13 at 14:00

























            answered May 13 at 13:41









            dirktdirkt

            9,65512647




            9,65512647













            • Most excellent. So was memory bandwidth a problem if you did things bitwise? Or did it include some sort of "stuffing" system?

              – Maury Markowitz
              May 13 at 13:54






            • 1





              The "stuffing" system was the shift register I mentioned - RAM wasn't fast enough at that time to read memory every pixel (say, for 80x25 characters with 8x9 pixels per character), so e.g. you'd read 8 pixels at once, and then shift them out. Same for bit graphics.

              – dirkt
              May 13 at 13:57













            • The 6845 was limited to 127 rows per screen, so a character height of 1 wouldn't work. Instead, 6845-based bitmap displays would use the 6845's row output to select among several partial bitmaps of 127 or fewer lines each, which would then be displayed interleaved.

              – supercat
              May 13 at 21:20











            • On some machines that use the 6845 - certainly the Amstrad CPC and the Acorn BBC Micro - it's possible to get past the 127 line limit by changing register values mid-frame. I'm not sure how feasible that would be on a PC with a CGA card though.

              – Matthew Barber
              May 14 at 6:36











            • @supercat: I vaguely remember that some bitmap graphic modes worked by setting character height to 1; not sure about the context (it may have been a modified 6845 design that has become part of an integrated graphics card, with the total line counter width increased). Anyhow, the alternative is to set it to a power of two, and use the row address pins to address the RAM.

              – dirkt
              May 14 at 6:40





















            • Most excellent. So was memory bandwidth a problem if you did things bitwise? Or did it include some sort of "stuffing" system?

              – Maury Markowitz
              May 13 at 13:54






            • 1





              The "stuffing" system was the shift register I mentioned - RAM wasn't fast enough at that time to read memory every pixel (say, for 80x25 characters with 8x9 pixels per character), so e.g. you'd read 8 pixels at once, and then shift them out. Same for bit graphics.

              – dirkt
              May 13 at 13:57













            • The 6845 was limited to 127 rows per screen, so a character height of 1 wouldn't work. Instead, 6845-based bitmap displays would use the 6845's row output to select among several partial bitmaps of 127 or fewer lines each, which would then be displayed interleaved.

              – supercat
              May 13 at 21:20











            • On some machines that use the 6845 - certainly the Amstrad CPC and the Acorn BBC Micro - it's possible to get past the 127 line limit by changing register values mid-frame. I'm not sure how feasible that would be on a PC with a CGA card though.

              – Matthew Barber
              May 14 at 6:36











            • @supercat: I vaguely remember that some bitmap graphic modes worked by setting character height to 1; not sure about the context (it may have been a modified 6845 design that has become part of an integrated graphics card, with the total line counter width increased). Anyhow, the alternative is to set it to a power of two, and use the row address pins to address the RAM.

              – dirkt
              May 14 at 6:40



















            Most excellent. So was memory bandwidth a problem if you did things bitwise? Or did it include some sort of "stuffing" system?

            – Maury Markowitz
            May 13 at 13:54





            Most excellent. So was memory bandwidth a problem if you did things bitwise? Or did it include some sort of "stuffing" system?

            – Maury Markowitz
            May 13 at 13:54




            1




            1





            The "stuffing" system was the shift register I mentioned - RAM wasn't fast enough at that time to read memory every pixel (say, for 80x25 characters with 8x9 pixels per character), so e.g. you'd read 8 pixels at once, and then shift them out. Same for bit graphics.

            – dirkt
            May 13 at 13:57







            The "stuffing" system was the shift register I mentioned - RAM wasn't fast enough at that time to read memory every pixel (say, for 80x25 characters with 8x9 pixels per character), so e.g. you'd read 8 pixels at once, and then shift them out. Same for bit graphics.

            – dirkt
            May 13 at 13:57















            The 6845 was limited to 127 rows per screen, so a character height of 1 wouldn't work. Instead, 6845-based bitmap displays would use the 6845's row output to select among several partial bitmaps of 127 or fewer lines each, which would then be displayed interleaved.

            – supercat
            May 13 at 21:20





            The 6845 was limited to 127 rows per screen, so a character height of 1 wouldn't work. Instead, 6845-based bitmap displays would use the 6845's row output to select among several partial bitmaps of 127 or fewer lines each, which would then be displayed interleaved.

            – supercat
            May 13 at 21:20













            On some machines that use the 6845 - certainly the Amstrad CPC and the Acorn BBC Micro - it's possible to get past the 127 line limit by changing register values mid-frame. I'm not sure how feasible that would be on a PC with a CGA card though.

            – Matthew Barber
            May 14 at 6:36





            On some machines that use the 6845 - certainly the Amstrad CPC and the Acorn BBC Micro - it's possible to get past the 127 line limit by changing register values mid-frame. I'm not sure how feasible that would be on a PC with a CGA card though.

            – Matthew Barber
            May 14 at 6:36













            @supercat: I vaguely remember that some bitmap graphic modes worked by setting character height to 1; not sure about the context (it may have been a modified 6845 design that has become part of an integrated graphics card, with the total line counter width increased). Anyhow, the alternative is to set it to a power of two, and use the row address pins to address the RAM.

            – dirkt
            May 14 at 6:40







            @supercat: I vaguely remember that some bitmap graphic modes worked by setting character height to 1; not sure about the context (it may have been a modified 6845 design that has become part of an integrated graphics card, with the total line counter width increased). Anyhow, the alternative is to set it to a power of two, and use the row address pins to address the RAM.

            – dirkt
            May 14 at 6:40













            5














            CGA and Hercules Graphics use the 6845. In graphics mode, each pixel is controlled individually, with no involvement from the character generator.



            Graphics mode is controlled by bit 1 of the 03D8h control register; when it’s set, the framebuffer is treated as containing bitmap information, and when it’s cleared, the framebuffer is processed by the character generator. The bitmap layout in CGA isn’t linear; even rows come first, followed by odd rows (offset by 8 KiB). Pixels are packed, four pixels per byte in low resolution, eight pixels per byte in high resolution. Hercules has a similar interleaved layout, with four banks instead of two.



            This page has lots of details on CGA.






            share|improve this answer




























              5














              CGA and Hercules Graphics use the 6845. In graphics mode, each pixel is controlled individually, with no involvement from the character generator.



              Graphics mode is controlled by bit 1 of the 03D8h control register; when it’s set, the framebuffer is treated as containing bitmap information, and when it’s cleared, the framebuffer is processed by the character generator. The bitmap layout in CGA isn’t linear; even rows come first, followed by odd rows (offset by 8 KiB). Pixels are packed, four pixels per byte in low resolution, eight pixels per byte in high resolution. Hercules has a similar interleaved layout, with four banks instead of two.



              This page has lots of details on CGA.






              share|improve this answer


























                5












                5








                5







                CGA and Hercules Graphics use the 6845. In graphics mode, each pixel is controlled individually, with no involvement from the character generator.



                Graphics mode is controlled by bit 1 of the 03D8h control register; when it’s set, the framebuffer is treated as containing bitmap information, and when it’s cleared, the framebuffer is processed by the character generator. The bitmap layout in CGA isn’t linear; even rows come first, followed by odd rows (offset by 8 KiB). Pixels are packed, four pixels per byte in low resolution, eight pixels per byte in high resolution. Hercules has a similar interleaved layout, with four banks instead of two.



                This page has lots of details on CGA.






                share|improve this answer













                CGA and Hercules Graphics use the 6845. In graphics mode, each pixel is controlled individually, with no involvement from the character generator.



                Graphics mode is controlled by bit 1 of the 03D8h control register; when it’s set, the framebuffer is treated as containing bitmap information, and when it’s cleared, the framebuffer is processed by the character generator. The bitmap layout in CGA isn’t linear; even rows come first, followed by odd rows (offset by 8 KiB). Pixels are packed, four pixels per byte in low resolution, eight pixels per byte in high resolution. Hercules has a similar interleaved layout, with four banks instead of two.



                This page has lots of details on CGA.







                share|improve this answer












                share|improve this answer



                share|improve this answer










                answered May 13 at 13:40









                Stephen KittStephen Kitt

                43.8k8183188




                43.8k8183188






























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Hall Of Fame””Slayer Wins 'Best Metal' Grammy Award””Slayer Guitarist Jeff Hanneman Dies””Bullet-For My Valentine booed at Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards””Unholy Aliance””The End Of Slayer?””Slayer: We Could Thrash Out Two More Albums If We're Fast Enough...””'The Unholy Alliance: Chapter III' UK Dates Added”originalet”Megadeth And Slayer To Co-Headline 'Canadian Carnage' Trek”originalet”World Painted Blood””Release “World Painted Blood” by Slayer””Metallica Heading To Cinemas””Slayer, Megadeth To Join Forces For 'European Carnage' Tour - Dec. 18, 2010”originalet”Slayer's Hanneman Contracts Acute Infection; Band To Bring In Guest Guitarist””Cannibal Corpse's Pat O'Brien Will Step In As Slayer's Guest Guitarist”originalet”Slayer’s Jeff Hanneman Dead at 49””Dave Lombardo Says He Made Only $67,000 In 2011 While Touring With Slayer””Slayer: We Do Not Agree With Dave Lombardo's Substance Or Timeline Of Events””Slayer Welcomes Drummer Paul Bostaph Back To The Fold””Slayer Hope to Unveil Never-Before-Heard Jeff Hanneman Material on Next Album””Slayer Debut New Song 'Implode' During Surprise Golden Gods Appearance””Release group Repentless by Slayer””Repentless - Slayer - Credits””Slayer””Metal Storm Awards 2015””Slayer - to release comic book "Repentless #1"””Slayer To Release 'Repentless' 6.66" Vinyl Box Set””BREAKING NEWS: Slayer Announce Farewell Tour””Slayer Recruit Lamb of God, Anthrax, Behemoth + Testament for Final Tour””Slayer lägger ner efter 37 år””Slayer Announces Second North American Leg Of 'Final' Tour””Final World Tour””Slayer Announces Final European Tour With Lamb of God, Anthrax And Obituary””Slayer To Tour Europe With Lamb of God, Anthrax And Obituary””Slayer To Play 'Last French Show Ever' At Next Year's Hellfst””Slayer's Final World Tour Will Extend Into 2019””Death Angel's Rob Cavestany On Slayer's 'Farewell' Tour: 'Some Of Us Could See This Coming'””Testament Has No Plans To Retire Anytime Soon, Says Chuck Billy””Anthrax's Scott Ian On Slayer's 'Farewell' Tour Plans: 'I Was Surprised And I Wasn't Surprised'””Slayer””Slayer's Morbid Schlock””Review/Rock; For Slayer, the Mania Is the Message””Slayer - Biography””Slayer - Reign In Blood”originalet”Dave Lombardo””An exclusive oral history of Slayer”originalet”Exclusive! Interview With Slayer Guitarist Jeff Hanneman”originalet”Thinking Out Loud: Slayer's Kerry King on hair metal, Satan and being polite””Slayer Lyrics””Slayer - Biography””Most influential artists for extreme metal music””Slayer - Reign in Blood””Slayer guitarist Jeff Hanneman dies aged 49””Slatanic Slaughter: A Tribute to Slayer””Gateway to Hell: A Tribute to Slayer””Covered In Blood””Slayer: The Origins of Thrash in San Francisco, CA.””Why They Rule - #6 Slayer”originalet”Guitar World's 100 Greatest Heavy Metal Guitarists Of All Time”originalet”The fans have spoken: Slayer comes out on top in readers' polls”originalet”Tribute to Jeff Hanneman (1964-2013)””Lamb Of God Frontman: We Sound Like A Slayer Rip-Off””BEHEMOTH Frontman Pays Tribute To SLAYER's JEFF HANNEMAN””Slayer, Hatebreed Doing Double Duty On This Year's Ozzfest””System of a Down””Lacuna Coil’s Andrea Ferro Talks Influences, Skateboarding, Band Origins + More””Slayer - Reign in Blood””Into The Lungs of Hell””Slayer rules - en utställning om fans””Slayer and Their Fans Slashed Through a No-Holds-Barred Night at Gas Monkey””Home””Slayer””Gold & Platinum - The Big 4 Live from Sofia, Bulgaria””Exclusive! Interview With Slayer Guitarist Kerry King””2008-02-23: Wiltern, Los Angeles, CA, USA””Slayer's Kerry King To Perform With Megadeth Tonight! - Oct. 21, 2010”originalet”Dave Lombardo - Biography”Slayer Case DismissedArkiveradUltimate Classic Rock: Slayer guitarist Jeff Hanneman dead at 49.”Slayer: "We could never do any thing like Some Kind Of Monster..."””Cannibal Corpse'S Pat O'Brien Will Step In As Slayer'S Guest Guitarist | The Official Slayer Site”originalet”Slayer Wins 'Best Metal' Grammy Award””Slayer Guitarist Jeff Hanneman Dies””Kerrang! Awards 2006 Blog: Kerrang! Hall Of Fame””Kerrang! Awards 2013: Kerrang! Legend”originalet”Metallica, Slayer, Iron Maien Among Winners At Metal Hammer Awards””Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards””Bullet For My Valentine Booed At Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards””Metal Storm Awards 2006””Metal Storm Awards 2015””Slayer's Concert History””Slayer - Relationships””Slayer - Releases”Slayers officiella webbplatsSlayer på MusicBrainzOfficiell webbplatsSlayerSlayerr1373445760000 0001 1540 47353068615-5086262726cb13906545x(data)6033143kn20030215029