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Unclear about dynamic binding


Efficiency of Java “Double Brace Initialization”?Getting value to display for Java CurrentAccount classStatic Vs. Dynamic Binding in JavaClone a Singleton objectIs it possible to write a program in Java without main() using JDK 1.7 or higher?Overriding private methods in (non-)static classesExecutorService workStealingPool and cancel methodJava - Method executed prior to Default Constructorconfusion about upcasting vs dynamic bindingjava exception - why does it catch?






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16















I am not understanding the concept of dynamic binding and overriding properly:



Here is some code:



class Cake 
public void taste (Cake c)
System.out.println("In taste of Cake class");



class ChocolateCake extends Cake
public void taste(Cake c)
System.out.println("In taste (Cake version) of ChocolateCake class");

public void taste(ChocolateCake cc)
System.out.println("In taste (ChocolateCake version) of ChocolateCake class");




public static void main(String[] args)

ChocolateCake cc = new ChocolateCake();
Cake c = new ChocolateCake();
Cake c1 = new Cake();
Cake c2 = new ChocolateCake();

c1.taste(cc);
c1.taste(c);

c2.taste(cc);
c2.taste(c);



I expected:



In taste of Cake class
In taste of Cake class
In taste (ChocolateCake version) of ChocolateCake class" <----
In taste (Cake version) of ChocolateCake class


Actual:



In taste of Cake class
In taste of Cake class
In taste (Cake version) of ChocolateCake class <----
In taste (Cake version) of ChocolateCake class


If the object is of type ChocolateCake and I call cc which is also ChocolateCake, how come the compiler shows it's getting Cake as a parameter?










share|improve this question
























  • Please consider accepting an answer by clicking on that checkmark.

    – Sweeper
    Apr 1 at 8:35

















16















I am not understanding the concept of dynamic binding and overriding properly:



Here is some code:



class Cake 
public void taste (Cake c)
System.out.println("In taste of Cake class");



class ChocolateCake extends Cake
public void taste(Cake c)
System.out.println("In taste (Cake version) of ChocolateCake class");

public void taste(ChocolateCake cc)
System.out.println("In taste (ChocolateCake version) of ChocolateCake class");




public static void main(String[] args)

ChocolateCake cc = new ChocolateCake();
Cake c = new ChocolateCake();
Cake c1 = new Cake();
Cake c2 = new ChocolateCake();

c1.taste(cc);
c1.taste(c);

c2.taste(cc);
c2.taste(c);



I expected:



In taste of Cake class
In taste of Cake class
In taste (ChocolateCake version) of ChocolateCake class" <----
In taste (Cake version) of ChocolateCake class


Actual:



In taste of Cake class
In taste of Cake class
In taste (Cake version) of ChocolateCake class <----
In taste (Cake version) of ChocolateCake class


If the object is of type ChocolateCake and I call cc which is also ChocolateCake, how come the compiler shows it's getting Cake as a parameter?










share|improve this question
























  • Please consider accepting an answer by clicking on that checkmark.

    – Sweeper
    Apr 1 at 8:35













16












16








16


1






I am not understanding the concept of dynamic binding and overriding properly:



Here is some code:



class Cake 
public void taste (Cake c)
System.out.println("In taste of Cake class");



class ChocolateCake extends Cake
public void taste(Cake c)
System.out.println("In taste (Cake version) of ChocolateCake class");

public void taste(ChocolateCake cc)
System.out.println("In taste (ChocolateCake version) of ChocolateCake class");




public static void main(String[] args)

ChocolateCake cc = new ChocolateCake();
Cake c = new ChocolateCake();
Cake c1 = new Cake();
Cake c2 = new ChocolateCake();

c1.taste(cc);
c1.taste(c);

c2.taste(cc);
c2.taste(c);



I expected:



In taste of Cake class
In taste of Cake class
In taste (ChocolateCake version) of ChocolateCake class" <----
In taste (Cake version) of ChocolateCake class


Actual:



In taste of Cake class
In taste of Cake class
In taste (Cake version) of ChocolateCake class <----
In taste (Cake version) of ChocolateCake class


If the object is of type ChocolateCake and I call cc which is also ChocolateCake, how come the compiler shows it's getting Cake as a parameter?










share|improve this question
















I am not understanding the concept of dynamic binding and overriding properly:



Here is some code:



class Cake 
public void taste (Cake c)
System.out.println("In taste of Cake class");



class ChocolateCake extends Cake
public void taste(Cake c)
System.out.println("In taste (Cake version) of ChocolateCake class");

public void taste(ChocolateCake cc)
System.out.println("In taste (ChocolateCake version) of ChocolateCake class");




public static void main(String[] args)

ChocolateCake cc = new ChocolateCake();
Cake c = new ChocolateCake();
Cake c1 = new Cake();
Cake c2 = new ChocolateCake();

c1.taste(cc);
c1.taste(c);

c2.taste(cc);
c2.taste(c);



I expected:



In taste of Cake class
In taste of Cake class
In taste (ChocolateCake version) of ChocolateCake class" <----
In taste (Cake version) of ChocolateCake class


Actual:



In taste of Cake class
In taste of Cake class
In taste (Cake version) of ChocolateCake class <----
In taste (Cake version) of ChocolateCake class


If the object is of type ChocolateCake and I call cc which is also ChocolateCake, how come the compiler shows it's getting Cake as a parameter?







java






share|improve this question















share|improve this question













share|improve this question




share|improve this question








edited Mar 30 at 22:01









Peter Mortensen

14k1987114




14k1987114










asked Mar 30 at 17:54









coding_potatocoding_potato

833




833












  • Please consider accepting an answer by clicking on that checkmark.

    – Sweeper
    Apr 1 at 8:35

















  • Please consider accepting an answer by clicking on that checkmark.

    – Sweeper
    Apr 1 at 8:35
















Please consider accepting an answer by clicking on that checkmark.

– Sweeper
Apr 1 at 8:35





Please consider accepting an answer by clicking on that checkmark.

– Sweeper
Apr 1 at 8:35












3 Answers
3






active

oldest

votes


















9














This is because Java uses both static and dynamic binding to choose a method to call in this case.



The line in question is this, right?



c2.taste(cc);


The compiler first chooses which method to call (static binding). Since c2 is of compile time type Cake, the compiler only sees the taste(Cake) method. So it says "call taste(Cake)".



Now at runtime, the runtime needs to choose which implementation of taste(Cake) to call, depending on the runtime type of c2. This is dynamic binding. Does it choose the one in Cake? Or the one in ChocolateCake? Since c2 is of runtime type ChocolateCake, it calls the implementation of taste(Cake) in ChocolateCake.



As you can see, the method that you thought would be called - taste(ChocolateCake) - is not even mentioned! This is because that is a different overload of the taste method, and because it is in the ChocolateCake class, which the compiler can't see. Why can't the compiler see? Because c2 is of compile time type Cake.



In short, the compiler decides which overload, the runtime decides which implementation.



Responding to your statement:




if the object is of type ChocolateCake ...




Only you know the object is of type ChocolateCake. The compiler does not. It only knows c2 is of type Cake because that's what its declaration says.






share|improve this answer






























    8














    Since the reference type of the c2 variable is Cake the taste method having the Cake type parameter will be called.



    This is because the Cake type does not have the taste method which takes a ChocolateCake instance, so you can't invoke that method from a Cake type reference variable.



    Now secondly, in Java due to the mechanism of runtime polymorphism the overridden taste method of the ChocolateCake is being called instead of the version declared in the parent Cake class. This is due to fact at runtime the object which the Cake reference is pointing to, will be examined and the taste version of that particular instance will be invoked.



    So due to the combination of these two effects you see that output.



    If you change the reference type of c2 to ChocolateCake you would see that the output is:



    In taste (ChocolateCake version) of ChocolateCake class 


    when you invoke c2.taste(cc);, since now both the compiler and runtime agrees to call that taste(ChocolateCake cc) method in particular.






    share|improve this answer
































      0














      In Java the decision which methodset to call in case of c2.taste(cc) is performed at compile-time based on the compile-time type of c2. The compile-time type of c2 is Cake, which means that any method call on c2 is searching just class Cake and its superclasses, and isn't searching any subclasses of Cake (namely ChocolateCake) even if all the subclasses are visible to the compiler.



      Languages performing fully dynamic method resolution at runtime based on the actual runtime types of the receiver&arguments, which would make c2.taste(cc) be resolved into ChocolateCake.taste(ChocolateCake cc), are rare because it negatively affects runtime performance.






      share|improve this answer























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        3 Answers
        3






        active

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        3 Answers
        3






        active

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        active

        oldest

        votes






        active

        oldest

        votes









        9














        This is because Java uses both static and dynamic binding to choose a method to call in this case.



        The line in question is this, right?



        c2.taste(cc);


        The compiler first chooses which method to call (static binding). Since c2 is of compile time type Cake, the compiler only sees the taste(Cake) method. So it says "call taste(Cake)".



        Now at runtime, the runtime needs to choose which implementation of taste(Cake) to call, depending on the runtime type of c2. This is dynamic binding. Does it choose the one in Cake? Or the one in ChocolateCake? Since c2 is of runtime type ChocolateCake, it calls the implementation of taste(Cake) in ChocolateCake.



        As you can see, the method that you thought would be called - taste(ChocolateCake) - is not even mentioned! This is because that is a different overload of the taste method, and because it is in the ChocolateCake class, which the compiler can't see. Why can't the compiler see? Because c2 is of compile time type Cake.



        In short, the compiler decides which overload, the runtime decides which implementation.



        Responding to your statement:




        if the object is of type ChocolateCake ...




        Only you know the object is of type ChocolateCake. The compiler does not. It only knows c2 is of type Cake because that's what its declaration says.






        share|improve this answer



























          9














          This is because Java uses both static and dynamic binding to choose a method to call in this case.



          The line in question is this, right?



          c2.taste(cc);


          The compiler first chooses which method to call (static binding). Since c2 is of compile time type Cake, the compiler only sees the taste(Cake) method. So it says "call taste(Cake)".



          Now at runtime, the runtime needs to choose which implementation of taste(Cake) to call, depending on the runtime type of c2. This is dynamic binding. Does it choose the one in Cake? Or the one in ChocolateCake? Since c2 is of runtime type ChocolateCake, it calls the implementation of taste(Cake) in ChocolateCake.



          As you can see, the method that you thought would be called - taste(ChocolateCake) - is not even mentioned! This is because that is a different overload of the taste method, and because it is in the ChocolateCake class, which the compiler can't see. Why can't the compiler see? Because c2 is of compile time type Cake.



          In short, the compiler decides which overload, the runtime decides which implementation.



          Responding to your statement:




          if the object is of type ChocolateCake ...




          Only you know the object is of type ChocolateCake. The compiler does not. It only knows c2 is of type Cake because that's what its declaration says.






          share|improve this answer

























            9












            9








            9







            This is because Java uses both static and dynamic binding to choose a method to call in this case.



            The line in question is this, right?



            c2.taste(cc);


            The compiler first chooses which method to call (static binding). Since c2 is of compile time type Cake, the compiler only sees the taste(Cake) method. So it says "call taste(Cake)".



            Now at runtime, the runtime needs to choose which implementation of taste(Cake) to call, depending on the runtime type of c2. This is dynamic binding. Does it choose the one in Cake? Or the one in ChocolateCake? Since c2 is of runtime type ChocolateCake, it calls the implementation of taste(Cake) in ChocolateCake.



            As you can see, the method that you thought would be called - taste(ChocolateCake) - is not even mentioned! This is because that is a different overload of the taste method, and because it is in the ChocolateCake class, which the compiler can't see. Why can't the compiler see? Because c2 is of compile time type Cake.



            In short, the compiler decides which overload, the runtime decides which implementation.



            Responding to your statement:




            if the object is of type ChocolateCake ...




            Only you know the object is of type ChocolateCake. The compiler does not. It only knows c2 is of type Cake because that's what its declaration says.






            share|improve this answer













            This is because Java uses both static and dynamic binding to choose a method to call in this case.



            The line in question is this, right?



            c2.taste(cc);


            The compiler first chooses which method to call (static binding). Since c2 is of compile time type Cake, the compiler only sees the taste(Cake) method. So it says "call taste(Cake)".



            Now at runtime, the runtime needs to choose which implementation of taste(Cake) to call, depending on the runtime type of c2. This is dynamic binding. Does it choose the one in Cake? Or the one in ChocolateCake? Since c2 is of runtime type ChocolateCake, it calls the implementation of taste(Cake) in ChocolateCake.



            As you can see, the method that you thought would be called - taste(ChocolateCake) - is not even mentioned! This is because that is a different overload of the taste method, and because it is in the ChocolateCake class, which the compiler can't see. Why can't the compiler see? Because c2 is of compile time type Cake.



            In short, the compiler decides which overload, the runtime decides which implementation.



            Responding to your statement:




            if the object is of type ChocolateCake ...




            Only you know the object is of type ChocolateCake. The compiler does not. It only knows c2 is of type Cake because that's what its declaration says.







            share|improve this answer












            share|improve this answer



            share|improve this answer










            answered Mar 30 at 18:15









            SweeperSweeper

            74.5k1075146




            74.5k1075146























                8














                Since the reference type of the c2 variable is Cake the taste method having the Cake type parameter will be called.



                This is because the Cake type does not have the taste method which takes a ChocolateCake instance, so you can't invoke that method from a Cake type reference variable.



                Now secondly, in Java due to the mechanism of runtime polymorphism the overridden taste method of the ChocolateCake is being called instead of the version declared in the parent Cake class. This is due to fact at runtime the object which the Cake reference is pointing to, will be examined and the taste version of that particular instance will be invoked.



                So due to the combination of these two effects you see that output.



                If you change the reference type of c2 to ChocolateCake you would see that the output is:



                In taste (ChocolateCake version) of ChocolateCake class 


                when you invoke c2.taste(cc);, since now both the compiler and runtime agrees to call that taste(ChocolateCake cc) method in particular.






                share|improve this answer





























                  8














                  Since the reference type of the c2 variable is Cake the taste method having the Cake type parameter will be called.



                  This is because the Cake type does not have the taste method which takes a ChocolateCake instance, so you can't invoke that method from a Cake type reference variable.



                  Now secondly, in Java due to the mechanism of runtime polymorphism the overridden taste method of the ChocolateCake is being called instead of the version declared in the parent Cake class. This is due to fact at runtime the object which the Cake reference is pointing to, will be examined and the taste version of that particular instance will be invoked.



                  So due to the combination of these two effects you see that output.



                  If you change the reference type of c2 to ChocolateCake you would see that the output is:



                  In taste (ChocolateCake version) of ChocolateCake class 


                  when you invoke c2.taste(cc);, since now both the compiler and runtime agrees to call that taste(ChocolateCake cc) method in particular.






                  share|improve this answer



























                    8












                    8








                    8







                    Since the reference type of the c2 variable is Cake the taste method having the Cake type parameter will be called.



                    This is because the Cake type does not have the taste method which takes a ChocolateCake instance, so you can't invoke that method from a Cake type reference variable.



                    Now secondly, in Java due to the mechanism of runtime polymorphism the overridden taste method of the ChocolateCake is being called instead of the version declared in the parent Cake class. This is due to fact at runtime the object which the Cake reference is pointing to, will be examined and the taste version of that particular instance will be invoked.



                    So due to the combination of these two effects you see that output.



                    If you change the reference type of c2 to ChocolateCake you would see that the output is:



                    In taste (ChocolateCake version) of ChocolateCake class 


                    when you invoke c2.taste(cc);, since now both the compiler and runtime agrees to call that taste(ChocolateCake cc) method in particular.






                    share|improve this answer















                    Since the reference type of the c2 variable is Cake the taste method having the Cake type parameter will be called.



                    This is because the Cake type does not have the taste method which takes a ChocolateCake instance, so you can't invoke that method from a Cake type reference variable.



                    Now secondly, in Java due to the mechanism of runtime polymorphism the overridden taste method of the ChocolateCake is being called instead of the version declared in the parent Cake class. This is due to fact at runtime the object which the Cake reference is pointing to, will be examined and the taste version of that particular instance will be invoked.



                    So due to the combination of these two effects you see that output.



                    If you change the reference type of c2 to ChocolateCake you would see that the output is:



                    In taste (ChocolateCake version) of ChocolateCake class 


                    when you invoke c2.taste(cc);, since now both the compiler and runtime agrees to call that taste(ChocolateCake cc) method in particular.







                    share|improve this answer














                    share|improve this answer



                    share|improve this answer








                    edited Mar 30 at 18:12

























                    answered Mar 30 at 18:06









                    Amardeep BhowmickAmardeep Bhowmick

                    6,51621231




                    6,51621231





















                        0














                        In Java the decision which methodset to call in case of c2.taste(cc) is performed at compile-time based on the compile-time type of c2. The compile-time type of c2 is Cake, which means that any method call on c2 is searching just class Cake and its superclasses, and isn't searching any subclasses of Cake (namely ChocolateCake) even if all the subclasses are visible to the compiler.



                        Languages performing fully dynamic method resolution at runtime based on the actual runtime types of the receiver&arguments, which would make c2.taste(cc) be resolved into ChocolateCake.taste(ChocolateCake cc), are rare because it negatively affects runtime performance.






                        share|improve this answer



























                          0














                          In Java the decision which methodset to call in case of c2.taste(cc) is performed at compile-time based on the compile-time type of c2. The compile-time type of c2 is Cake, which means that any method call on c2 is searching just class Cake and its superclasses, and isn't searching any subclasses of Cake (namely ChocolateCake) even if all the subclasses are visible to the compiler.



                          Languages performing fully dynamic method resolution at runtime based on the actual runtime types of the receiver&arguments, which would make c2.taste(cc) be resolved into ChocolateCake.taste(ChocolateCake cc), are rare because it negatively affects runtime performance.






                          share|improve this answer

























                            0












                            0








                            0







                            In Java the decision which methodset to call in case of c2.taste(cc) is performed at compile-time based on the compile-time type of c2. The compile-time type of c2 is Cake, which means that any method call on c2 is searching just class Cake and its superclasses, and isn't searching any subclasses of Cake (namely ChocolateCake) even if all the subclasses are visible to the compiler.



                            Languages performing fully dynamic method resolution at runtime based on the actual runtime types of the receiver&arguments, which would make c2.taste(cc) be resolved into ChocolateCake.taste(ChocolateCake cc), are rare because it negatively affects runtime performance.






                            share|improve this answer













                            In Java the decision which methodset to call in case of c2.taste(cc) is performed at compile-time based on the compile-time type of c2. The compile-time type of c2 is Cake, which means that any method call on c2 is searching just class Cake and its superclasses, and isn't searching any subclasses of Cake (namely ChocolateCake) even if all the subclasses are visible to the compiler.



                            Languages performing fully dynamic method resolution at runtime based on the actual runtime types of the receiver&arguments, which would make c2.taste(cc) be resolved into ChocolateCake.taste(ChocolateCake cc), are rare because it negatively affects runtime performance.







                            share|improve this answer












                            share|improve this answer



                            share|improve this answer










                            answered Mar 31 at 15:05









                            atomsymbolatomsymbol

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Hall Of Fame””Slayer Wins 'Best Metal' Grammy Award””Slayer Guitarist Jeff Hanneman Dies””Bullet-For My Valentine booed at Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards””Unholy Aliance””The End Of Slayer?””Slayer: We Could Thrash Out Two More Albums If We're Fast Enough...””'The Unholy Alliance: Chapter III' UK Dates Added”originalet”Megadeth And Slayer To Co-Headline 'Canadian Carnage' Trek”originalet”World Painted Blood””Release “World Painted Blood” by Slayer””Metallica Heading To Cinemas””Slayer, Megadeth To Join Forces For 'European Carnage' Tour - Dec. 18, 2010”originalet”Slayer's Hanneman Contracts Acute Infection; Band To Bring In Guest Guitarist””Cannibal Corpse's Pat O'Brien Will Step In As Slayer's Guest Guitarist”originalet”Slayer’s Jeff Hanneman Dead at 49””Dave Lombardo Says He Made Only $67,000 In 2011 While Touring With Slayer””Slayer: We Do Not Agree With Dave Lombardo's Substance Or Timeline Of Events””Slayer Welcomes Drummer Paul Bostaph Back To The Fold””Slayer Hope to Unveil Never-Before-Heard Jeff Hanneman Material on Next Album””Slayer Debut New Song 'Implode' During Surprise Golden Gods Appearance””Release group Repentless by Slayer””Repentless - Slayer - Credits””Slayer””Metal Storm Awards 2015””Slayer - to release comic book "Repentless #1"””Slayer To Release 'Repentless' 6.66" Vinyl Box Set””BREAKING NEWS: Slayer Announce Farewell Tour””Slayer Recruit Lamb of God, Anthrax, Behemoth + Testament for Final Tour””Slayer lägger ner efter 37 år””Slayer Announces Second North American Leg Of 'Final' Tour””Final World Tour””Slayer Announces Final European Tour With Lamb of God, Anthrax And Obituary””Slayer To Tour Europe With Lamb of God, Anthrax And Obituary””Slayer To Play 'Last French Show Ever' At Next Year's Hellfst””Slayer's Final World Tour Will Extend Into 2019””Death Angel's Rob Cavestany On Slayer's 'Farewell' Tour: 'Some Of Us Could See This Coming'””Testament Has No Plans To Retire Anytime Soon, Says Chuck Billy””Anthrax's Scott Ian On Slayer's 'Farewell' Tour Plans: 'I Was Surprised And I Wasn't Surprised'””Slayer””Slayer's Morbid Schlock””Review/Rock; For Slayer, the Mania Is the Message””Slayer - Biography””Slayer - Reign In Blood”originalet”Dave Lombardo””An exclusive oral history of Slayer”originalet”Exclusive! Interview With Slayer Guitarist Jeff Hanneman”originalet”Thinking Out Loud: Slayer's Kerry King on hair metal, Satan and being polite””Slayer Lyrics””Slayer - Biography””Most influential artists for extreme metal music””Slayer - Reign in Blood””Slayer guitarist Jeff Hanneman dies aged 49””Slatanic Slaughter: A Tribute to Slayer””Gateway to Hell: A Tribute to Slayer””Covered In Blood””Slayer: The Origins of Thrash in San Francisco, CA.””Why They Rule - #6 Slayer”originalet”Guitar World's 100 Greatest Heavy Metal Guitarists Of All Time”originalet”The fans have spoken: Slayer comes out on top in readers' polls”originalet”Tribute to Jeff Hanneman (1964-2013)””Lamb Of God Frontman: We Sound Like A Slayer Rip-Off””BEHEMOTH Frontman Pays Tribute To SLAYER's JEFF HANNEMAN””Slayer, Hatebreed Doing Double Duty On This Year's Ozzfest””System of a Down””Lacuna Coil’s Andrea Ferro Talks Influences, Skateboarding, Band Origins + More””Slayer - Reign in Blood””Into The Lungs of Hell””Slayer rules - en utställning om fans””Slayer and Their Fans Slashed Through a No-Holds-Barred Night at Gas Monkey””Home””Slayer””Gold & Platinum - The Big 4 Live from Sofia, Bulgaria””Exclusive! Interview With Slayer Guitarist Kerry King””2008-02-23: Wiltern, Los Angeles, CA, USA””Slayer's Kerry King To Perform With Megadeth Tonight! - Oct. 21, 2010”originalet”Dave Lombardo - Biography”Slayer Case DismissedArkiveradUltimate Classic Rock: Slayer guitarist Jeff Hanneman dead at 49.”Slayer: "We could never do any thing like Some Kind Of Monster..."””Cannibal Corpse'S Pat O'Brien Will Step In As Slayer'S Guest Guitarist | The Official Slayer Site”originalet”Slayer Wins 'Best Metal' Grammy Award””Slayer Guitarist Jeff Hanneman Dies””Kerrang! Awards 2006 Blog: Kerrang! Hall Of Fame””Kerrang! Awards 2013: Kerrang! Legend”originalet”Metallica, Slayer, Iron Maien Among Winners At Metal Hammer Awards””Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards””Bullet For My Valentine Booed At Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards””Metal Storm Awards 2006””Metal Storm Awards 2015””Slayer's Concert History””Slayer - Relationships””Slayer - Releases”Slayers officiella webbplatsSlayer på MusicBrainzOfficiell webbplatsSlayerSlayerr1373445760000 0001 1540 47353068615-5086262726cb13906545x(data)6033143kn20030215029