Republikk




Ordet republikk kjem frå uttrykket res publica på latin. Det betyr noko slikt som «samfunnssaker». Ein republikk er eit styresett der statsoverhovudet på ein eller annan måte er valt av folket, i motsetning til eit monarki, der det å vere statsoverhovud, altså staten sin formelt øvste leiar, er eit verv som går i arv. Det fanst republikkar alt i antikken, både bystaten Athen og romarriket var republikkar ei tid. I nyare tid er republikanisme* i høg grad knytt til demokratiseringa av samfunnet sidan 1700-talet. Så lenge monarkane og andre (adel) hadde medfødde særrettar (privelegium) som gav makt over samfunnet, er det klart at dette stod i vegen for demokratiseringa. Dei konstitusjonelle monarkia har prøvd å løyse det paradokset monarkiet er i eit moderne demokratisk samfunn ved å gjere monarken til eit symbol utan (mykje) makt. I republikkane har dei valde presidentane alt frå ei vesentleg grad av utøvande makt (Frankrike, USA, Russland), til delt makt med statsminister og folkevalt parlament (Frankrike), til mesta berre symbolsk funksjon (Island, Tyskland). Nokre presidentar er valde direkte av folket, andre indirekte av folkevalde organ.



Republikanisme |


Republikanisme er det å vere republikanar det vil seie å gå inn for republikk i staden for monarki som statsform. Men i somme land har republikanisme og det å vere republikanar, fått spesielle tydingar: Såleis til dømes i USA, der Republikanarane er namnet på høgrepartiet, og i Nord-Irland, der ein republikanar er ein som som går inn for gjenforeining med Republikken Irland, i staden for framleis union med Det Sameinte Kongedømmet, Storbritannia (UK).





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